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The Constitution of India in English 2026

Source: official India Code PDF · catalog record. Fetched 2026-10-19T23:32:36Z. SHA-256 ed1820c0a1100c2c6aa8ece835a8c8a60f996ae7eba30cc1798233683c66cfba.

Legal currency, territorial applicability and extraction fidelity are unverified. Catalog checksum/size differs from the delivered PDF; both identities are retained. Articles, Schedule/appendix material and source footnotes share these physical pages. Compare the full original image.

Source cover/preface date: 10th September, 2026. Preface amendment statement: Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023. Embedded PDF title: Constitution of India_ 20 MAY 2026 (final).pdf. These are distinct source labels, not currentness or commencement approval.

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Typed source hierarchy

1 preamble locators; 506 article locators; 26 part locators; 23 chapter locators; 12 schedule locators; 3 appendix locators.

All 402 original pages are retained. The hierarchy accounts for the Preamble, 26 Parts, 23 Chapters and 506 Article arrangement outcomes: 505 printed body headings plus distinct Article 238 contents/shared omission evidence. Twelve main Schedule headings and three Appendix regions are navigable; their inner entries, paragraphs, forms, tables and separate instrument units are not all individually typed. Articles 124A–C require the linked original pages 89–90, including the court-decision source footnote. This is unreviewed source navigation, not complete applicable Constitution coverage or human/currentness approval.

• Preamble preamble: P REAMBLE
• Part I: PART I
  • Article 1: 1. Name and territory of the Union.—(1) India, that is Bharat,
  • Article 2: 2. Admission or establishment of new States.—Parliament may
  • Article 2A: 2A. [Sikkim to be associated with the Union.].—Omitted by the
  • Article 3: 3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas,
  • Article 4: 4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the
• Part II: PART II
  • Article 5: 5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.—At the
  • Article 6: 6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to
  • Article 7: 7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.—
  • Article 8: 8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing
  • Article 9: 9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to
  • Article 10: 10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship.—Every person who is or
  • Article 11: 11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.—Nothing
• Part III: PART III
  • Article 12: 12. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the
  • Article 13: 13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
  • Article 14: 14. Equality before law.—The State shall not deny to any person
  • Article 15: 15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,
  • Article 16: 16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.—(1)
  • Article 17: 17. Abolition of Untouchability.—“Untouchability” is abolished and its
  • Article 18: 18. Abolition of titles.—(1) No title, not being a military or academic
  • Article 19: 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.—
  • Article 20: 20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences.—(1) No person
  • Article 21: 21. Protection of life and personal liberty.—No person shall be
  • Article 21A: 21A. Right to education.—The State shall provide free and
  • Article 22: 22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.—(1) No
  • Article 23: 23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.—(1)
  • Article 24: 24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.—No child
  • Article 25: 25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and
  • Article 26: 26. Freedom to manage religious affairs.—Subject to public order,
  • Article 27: 27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular
  • Article 28: 28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious
  • Article 29: 29. Protection of interests of minorities.—(1) Any section of the
  • Article 30: 30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
  • Article 31: 31. [Compulsory acquisition of property.].—Omitted by the Constitution
  • Article 31A: 31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.—
  • Article 31B: 31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.—Without
  • Article 31C: 31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.—
  • Article 31D: 31D. [Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.].—Omitted
  • Article 32: 32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.—(1)
  • Article 32A: 32A. [Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in
  • Article 33: 33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part
  • Article 34: 34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is
  • Article 35: 35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.—
• Part IV: PART IV
  • Article 36: 36. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the
  • Article 37: 37. Application of the principles contained in this Part.—The
  • Article 38: 38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the
  • Article 39: 39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.—The
  • Article 39A: 39A. Equal justice and free legal aid.—The State shall secure that the
  • Article 40: 40. Organisation of village panchayats.—The State shall take steps to
  • Article 41: 41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain
  • Article 42: 42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity
  • Article 43: 43. Living wage, etc., for workers.—The State shall endeavour to
  • Article 43A: 43A. Participation of workers in management of industries.—The
  • Article 43B: 43B. Promotion of co-operative societies.—The State shall endeavour
  • Article 44: 44. Uniform civil code for the citizens.—The State shall endeavour to
  • Article 45: 45. Provision for early childhood care and education to children
  • Article 46: 46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled
  • Article 47: 47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard
  • Article 48: 48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.—The State
  • Article 48A: 48A. Protection and improvement of environment and
  • Article 49: 49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
  • Article 50: 50. Separation of judiciary from executive.—The State shall take steps
  • Article 51: 51. Promotion of international peace and security.—The State shall
• Part IVA: PART IVA
  • Article 51A: 51A. Fundamental duties.—It shall be the duty of every citizen of
• Part V: PART V
  • Chapter I: CHAPTER I.—THE EXECUTIVE
    • Article 52: 52. The President of India.—There shall be a President of India.
    • Article 53: 53. Executive power of the Union.—(1) The executive power of the Union
    • Article 54: 54. Election of President.—The President shall be elected by the
    • Article 55: 55. Manner of election of President.—(1) As far as practicable, there
    • Article 56: 56. Term of office of President.—(1) The President shall hold office for
    • Article 57: 57. Eligibility for re-election.—A person who holds, or who has held,
    • Article 58: 58. Qualifications for election as President.—(1) No person shall be
    • Article 59: 59. Conditions of President's office.—(1) The President shall not be a
    • Article 60: 60. Oath or affirmation by the President.—Every President and every
    • Article 61: 61. Procedure for impeachment of the President.—(1) When a
    • Article 62: 62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President
    • Article 63: 63. The Vice-President of India.—There shall be a Vice-President of India.
    • Article 64: 64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of
    • Article 65: 65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his
    • Article 66: 66. Election of Vice-President.—(1) The Vice-President shall be
    • Article 67: 67. Term of office of Vice-President.—The Vice-President shall hold
    • Article 68: 68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-
    • Article 69: 69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.—Every Vice-
    • Article 70: 70. Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies.—
    • Article 71: 71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a
    • Article 72: 72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit
    • Article 73: 73. Extent of executive power of the Union.—(1) Subject to the
    • Article 74: 74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.—1[(1) There shall
    • Article 75: 75. Other provisions as to Ministers.—(1) The Prime Minister shall be
    • Article 76: 76. Attorney-General for India.—(1) The President shall appoint a
    • Article 77: 77. Conduct of business of the Government of India.—(1) All
    • Article 78: 78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information
  • Chapter II: CHAPTER II.—PARLIAMENT od
    • Article 79: 79. Constitution of Parliament.—There shall be a Parliament for the
    • Article 80: 80. Composition of the Council of States.—(1) 1[2*** The Council of
    • Article 81: 81. Composition of the House of the People.—(1) 4[Subject to the
    • Article 82: 82. Readjustment after each census.—Upon the completion of each
    • Article 83: 83. Duration of Houses of Parliament.—(1) The Council of States
    • Article 84: 84. Qualification for membership of Parliament.—A person shall not
    • Article 85: 85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.—(1) The
    • Article 86: 86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.—(1)
    • Article 87: 87. Special address by the President.—(1) At the commencement of
    • Article 88: 88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.—
    • Article 89: 89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.—(1)
    • Article 90: 90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of
    • Article 91: 91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the
    • Article 92: 92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
    • Article 93: 93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.—
    • Article 94: 94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
    • Article 95: 95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the
    • Article 96: 96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a
    • Article 97: 97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
    • Article 98: 98. Secretariat of Parliament.—(1) Each House of Parliament shall
    • Article 99: 99. Oath or affirmation by members.—Every member of either House
    • Article 100: 100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding
    • Article 101: 101. Vacation of seats.— (1) No person shall be a member of both
    • Article 102: 102. Disqualifications for membership.—(1) A person shall be
    • Article 103: 103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.—
    • Article 104: 104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
    • Article 105: 105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the
    • Article 106: 106. Salaries and allowances of members.—Members of either House
    • Article 107: 107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.—(1) Subject
    • Article 108: 108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.—(1) If after a Bill
    • Article 109: 109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.—(1) A Money Bill
    • Article 110: 110. Definition of “Money Bills”.—(1) For the purposes of this
    • Article 111: 111. Assent to Bills.—When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of
    • Article 112: 112. Annual financial statement.—(1) The President shall in respect of
    • Article 113: 113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.—(1) So
    • Article 114: 114. Appropriation Bills.—(1) As soon as may be after the grants under
    • Article 115: 115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.—(1) The President
    • Article 116: 116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional
    • Article 117: 117. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment
    • Article 118: 118. Rules of procedure.—(1) Each House of Parliament may make
    • Article 119: 119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to
    • Article 120: 120. Language to be used in Parliament.—(1) Notwithstanding
    • Article 121: 121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament.—No discussion shall
    • Article 122: 122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.—(1) The
  • Chapter III: CHAPTER III.—LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
    • Article 123: 123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
  • Chapter IV: CHAPTER IV.—THE UNION JUDICIARY
    • Article 124: 124. Establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court.—(1)
    • Article 124A: 124A. National Judicial Appointments Commission.—(1) There
    • Article 124B: 124B. Functions of Commission.––It shall be the duty of the National
    • Article 124C: 124C. Power of Parliament to make law.––Parliament may, by law,
    • Article 125: 125. Salaries, etc., of Judges.— 1[(1) There shall be paid to the Judges
    • Article 126: 126. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.—When the office of Chief
    • Article 127: 127. Appointment of ad hoc Judges.—(1) If at any time there should
    • Article 128: 128. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme
    • Article 129: 129. Supreme Court to be a court of record.—The Supreme Court
    • Article 130: 130. Seat of Supreme Court.—The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or
    • Article 131: 131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.—Subject to the
    • Article 131A: 131A. Exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to
    • Article 132: 132. Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from
    • Article 133: 133. Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from
    • Article 134: 134. Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to
    • Article 134A: 134A. Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.—Every High
    • Article 135: 135. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing
    • Article 136: 136. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.—(1)
    • Article 137: 137. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.—Subject
    • Article 138: 138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.—(1) The
    • Article 139: 139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain
    • Article 139A: 139A. Transfer of certain cases.—2[(1) Where cases involving the
    • Article 140: 140. Ancillary powers of the Supreme Court.—Parliament may by
    • Article 141: 141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.—
    • Article 142: 142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and
    • Article 143: 143. Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court.—(1) If at
    • Article 144: 144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme
    • Article 144A: 144A. [Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to
    • Article 145: 145. Rules of Court, etc.—(1) Subject to the provisions of any law
    • Article 146: 146. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.—
    • Article 147: 147. Interpretation.—In this Chapter and in Chapter V of Part VI,
  • Chapter V: CHAPTER V.—COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
    • Article 148: 148. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.—(1) There shall be a
    • Article 149: 149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.—
    • Article 150: 150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.—The
    • Article 151: 151. Audit reports.—(1) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-
• Part VI: PART VI
  • Chapter I: CHAPTER I.—GENERAL
    • Article 152: 152. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the
  • Chapter II: CHAPTER II.—THE EXECUTIVE
    • Article 153: 153. Governors of States.—There shall be a Governor for each State:
    • Article 154: 154. Executive power of State.—(1) The executive power of the State
    • Article 155: 155. Appointment of Governor.—The Governor of a State shall be
    • Article 156: 156. Term of office of Governor.—(1) The Governor shall hold office
    • Article 157: 157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor.—No person shall
    • Article 158: 158. Conditions of Governor's office.—(1) The Governor shall not be a
    • Article 159: 159. Oath or affirmation by the Governor.—Every Governor and
    • Article 160: 160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain
    • Article 161: 161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit
    • Article 162: 162. Extent of executive power of State.—Subject to the provisions of
    • Article 163: 163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.—(1) There shall
    • Article 164: 164. Other provisions as to Ministers.—(1) The Chief Minister shall
    • Article 165: 165. Advocate-General for the State.—(1) The Governor of each State
    • Article 166: 166. Conduct of Business of the Government of a State.—(1) All
    • Article 167: 167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of
  • Chapter III: CHAPTER III.—THE STATE LEGISLATURE
    • Article 168: 168. Constitution of Legislatures in States.—(1) For every State there
    • Article 169: 169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.—(1)
    • Article 170: 170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.—(1) Subject to the
    • Article 171: 171. Composition of the Legislative Councils.—(1) The total number
    • Article 172: 172. Duration of State Legislatures.—(1) Every Legislative Assembly
    • Article 173: 173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.—A
    • Article 174: 174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and
    • Article 175: 175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House
    • Article 176: 176. Special address by the Governor.—(1) At the commencement of
    • Article 177: 177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the
    • Article 178: 178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
    • Article 179: 179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
    • Article 180: 180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the
    • Article 181: 181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a
    • Article 182: 182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative
    • Article 183: 183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
    • Article 184: 184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the
    • Article 185: 185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
    • Article 186: 186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
    • Article 187: 187. Secretariat of State Legislature.—(1) The House or each House
    • Article 188: 188. Oath or affirmation by members.—Every member of the
    • Article 189: 189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding
    • Article 190: 190. Vacation of seats.—(1) No person shall be a member of both
    • Article 191: 191. Disqualifications for membership.—(1) A person shall be
    • Article 192: 192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.—(1)
    • Article 193: 193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
    • Article 194: 194. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the
    • Article 195: 195. Salaries and allowances of members.—Members of the
    • Article 196: 196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.—(1) Subject
    • Article 197: 197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other
    • Article 198: 198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.—(1) A Money Bill
    • Article 199: 199. Definition of “Money Bills”.—(1) For the purposes of this
    • Article 200: 200. Assent to Bills.—When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative
    • Article 201: 201. Bills reserved for consideration.—When a Bill is reserved by a
    • Article 202: 202. Annual financial statement.—(1) The Governor shall in respect of
    • Article 203: 203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.—(1) So
    • Article 204: 204. Appropriation Bills.—(1) As soon as may be after the grants under
    • Article 205: 205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.—(1) The Governor
    • Article 206: 206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.—(1)
    • Article 207: 207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment
    • Article 208: 208. Rules of procedure.—(1) A House of the Legislature of a State
    • Article 209: 209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in
    • Article 210: 210. Language to be used in the Legislature.—(1) Notwithstanding
    • Article 211: 211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.—No discussion
    • Article 212: 212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.—(1)
  • Chapter IV: CHAPTER IV.—LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
    • Article 213: 213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
  • Chapter V: CHAPTER V.—THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES
    • Article 214: 214. High Courts for States.—1*** There shall be a High Court for each
    • Article 215: 215. High Courts to be courts of record.—Every High Court shall be a
    • Article 216: 216. Constitution of High Courts.—Every High Court shall consist of a
    • Article 217: 217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High
    • Article 218: 218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to
    • Article 219: 219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.—Every person
    • Article 220: 220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.—No
    • Article 221: 221. Salaries, etc., of Judges.—5[(1) There shall be paid to the Judges
    • Article 222: 222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.—(1) The
    • Article 223: 223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.—When the office of Chief
    • Article 224: 224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges.—(1) If by
    • Article 224A: 224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.—
    • Article 225: 225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.—Subject to the provisions
    • Article 226: 226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.—(1)
    • Article 226A: 226A. Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in
    • Article 227: 227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.—
    • Article 228: 228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court.—If the High Court is
    • Article 228A: 228A. Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to
    • Article 229: 229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.—(1)
    • Article 230: 230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union
    • Article 231: 231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more
    • Article 232: 232. Interpretation.—Articles 230, 231 and 232 subs. by articles 230
  • Chapter VI: CHAPTER VI.—SUBORDINATE COURTS
    • Article 233: 233. Appointment of district judges.—(1) Appointments of persons to
    • Article 233A: 233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc.,
    • Article 234: 234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial
    • Article 235: 235. Control over subordinate courts.—The control over district
    • Article 236: 236. Interpretation.—In this Chapter—
    • Article 237: 237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or
• Part VII: PART VII · source omission evidence
  • Article 238: 238. Omitted.] · source omission evidence
• Part VIII: PART VIII
  • Article 239: 239. Administration of Union territories.—(1) Save as otherwise
  • Article 239A: 239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or
  • Article 239AA: 239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi.—(1) As from the
  • Article 239AB: 239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.—If
  • Article 239B: 239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during
  • Article 240: 240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union
  • Article 241: 241. High Courts for Union territories.—(1) Parliament may by law
  • Article 242: 242. [Coorg.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
• Part IX: PART IX
  • Article 243: 243. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
  • Article 243A: 243A. Gram Sabha.—A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and
  • Article 243B: 243B. Constitution of Panchayats.—(1) There shall be constituted in
  • Article 243C: 243C. Composition of Panchayats.—(1) Subject to the provisions of
  • Article 243D: 243D. Reservation of seats.—(1) Seats shall be reserved for—
  • Article 243E: 243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc.—(1) Every Panchayat, unless
  • Article 243F: 243F. Disqualifications for membership.— (1) A person shall be
  • Article 243G: 243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.—
  • Article 243H: 243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.—
  • Article 243I: 243I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial
  • Article 243J: 243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats.—The Legislature of a State
  • Article 243K: 243K. Elections to the Panchayats.—(1) The superintendence,
  • Article 243L: 243L. Application to Union territories.—The provisions of this Part
  • Article 243M: 243M. Part not to apply to certain areas.—(1) Nothing in this Part
  • Article 243N: 243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.—
  • Article 243O: 243O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.—
• Part IXA: PART IXA
  • Article 243P: 243P. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise
  • Article 243Q: 243Q. Constitution of Municipalities.—(1) There shall be constituted
  • Article 243R: 243R. Composition of Municipalities.—(1) Save as provided in
  • Article 243S: 243S. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.—(1)
  • Article 243T: 243T. Reservation of seats.—(1) Seats shall be reserved for the
  • Article 243U: 243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc.—(1) Every Municipality, unless
  • Article 243V: 243V. Disqualifications for membership.—(1) A person shall be
  • Article 243W: 243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities,
  • Article 243X: 243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.—
  • Article 243Y: 243Y. Finance Commission.—(1) The Finance Commission constituted
  • Article 243Z: 243Z. Audit of accounts of Municipalities.—The Legislature of a State
  • Article 243ZA: 243ZA. Elections to the Municipalities.—(1) The superintendence,
  • Article 243ZB: 243ZB. Application to Union territories.—The provisions of this Part
  • Article 243ZC: 243ZC. Part not to apply to certain areas.—(1) Nothing in this Part
  • Article 243ZD: 243ZD. Committee for district planning.—(1) There shall be
  • Article 243ZE: 243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning.—(1) There shall be
  • Article 243ZF: 243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.—
  • Article 243ZG: 243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.—
• Part IXB: PART IXB
  • Article 243ZH: 243ZH. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise
  • Article 243ZI: 243ZI. Incorporation of co-operative societies.—Subject to the
  • Article 243ZJ: 243ZJ. Number and term of members of board and its office
  • Article 243ZK: 243ZK. Election of members of board.—(1) Notwithstanding anything
  • Article 243ZL: 243ZL. Supersession and suspension of board and interim
  • Article 243ZM: 243ZM. Audit of accounts of co-operative societies.—(1) The
  • Article 243ZN: 243ZN. Convening of general body meetings.—The Legislature of a
  • Article 243ZO: 243ZO. Right of a member to get information.—(1) The Legislature
  • Article 243ZP: 243ZP. Returns.—Every co-operative society shall file returns, within
  • Article 243ZQ: 243ZQ. Offences and penalties.—(1) The Legislature of a State may,
  • Article 243ZR: 243ZR. Application to multi-State co-operative societies.—The
  • Article 243ZS: 243ZS. Application to Union territories.—The provisions of this Part
  • Article 243ZT: 243ZT. Continuance of existing laws.— Notwithstanding anything in
• Part X: PART X
  • Article 244: 244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.—(1) The
  • Article 244A: 244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal
• Part XI: PART XI
  • Chapter I: CHAPTER I.—LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
    • Article 245: 245. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of
    • Article 246: 246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the
    • Article 246A: 246A. Special provision with respect to goods and services tax.—(1)
    • Article 247: 247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain
    • Article 248: 248. Residuary powers of legislation.—(1) 1[Subject to article 246A,
    • Article 249: 249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the
    • Article 250: 250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in
    • Article 251: 251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles
    • Article 252: 252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by
    • Article 253: 253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.—
    • Article 254: 254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made
    • Article 255: 255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to
  • Chapter II: CHAPTER II.—ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
    • Article 256: 256. Obligation of States and the Union.—The executive power of every
    • Article 257: 257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases.—(1) The
    • Article 257A: 257A. [Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other
    • Article 258: 258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain
    • Article 258A: 258A. Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.—
    • Article 259: 259. Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule.].—
    • Article 260: 260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside
    • Article 261: 261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.—(1) Full faith and
    • Article 262: 262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers
    • Article 263: 263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.—If at any time
• Part XII: PART XII
  • Chapter I: CHAPTER I.—FINANCE
    • Article 264: 264. Interpretation.—In this Part, “Finance Commission” means a
    • Article 265: 265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.—No tax shall
    • Article 266: 266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the
    • Article 267: 267. Contingency Fund.—(1) Parliament may by law establish a
    • Article 268: 268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by
    • Article 268A: 268A. [Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by
    • Article 269: 269. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the
    • Article 269A: 269A. Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of
    • Article 270: 270. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the
    • Article 271: 271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the
    • Article 272: 272. Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be
    • Article 273: 273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.—(1)
    • Article 274: 274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting
    • Article 275: 275. Grants from the Union to certain States.—(1) Such sums as
    • Article 276: 276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.—(1)
    • Article 277: 277. Savings.—Any taxes, duties, cesses or fees which, immediately
    • Article 278: 278. [Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with regard
    • Article 279: 279. Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.—(1) In the foregoing
    • Article 279A: 279A. Goods and Services Tax Council.—(1) The President shall,
    • Article 280: 280. Finance Commission.—(1) The President shall, within two years
    • Article 281: 281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission.—The President
    • Article 282: 282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its
    • Article 283: 283. Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and
    • Article 284: 284. Custody of suitors' deposits and other moneys received by
    • Article 285: 285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.—(1)
    • Article 286: 286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of
    • Article 287: 287. Exemption from taxes on electricity.—Save in so far as
    • Article 288: 288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or
    • Article 289: 289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union
    • Article 290: 290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.—
    • Article 290A: 290A. Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.—A sum of
    • Article 291: 291. [Privy purse sums of Rulers.].—Omitted by the Constitution
  • Chapter II: CHAPTER II.—BORROWING
    • Article 292: 292. Borrowing by the Government of India.—The executive power
    • Article 293: 293. Borrowing by States.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this article,
  • Chapter III: CHAPTER III.—PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
    • Article 294: 294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations
    • Article 295: 295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations
    • Article 296: 296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia.—
    • Article 297: 297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf
    • Article 298: 298. Power to carry on trade, etc.—The executive power of the
    • Article 299: 299. Contracts.—(1) All contracts made in the exercise of the executive
    • Article 300: 300. Suits and proceedings.—(1) The Government of India may sue or
  • Chapter IV: CHAPTER IV.—RIGHT TO PROPERTY
    • Article 300A: 300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of
• Part XIII: PART XIII
  • Article 301: 301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.—Subject to the
  • Article 302: 302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce
  • Article 303: 303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the
  • Article 304: 304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among
  • Article 305: 305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State
  • Article 306: 306. [Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to
  • Article 307: 307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of
• Part XIV: PART XIV
  • Chapter I: CHAPTER I.— SERVICES
    • Article 308: 308. Interpretation.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,
    • Article 309: 309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the
    • Article 310: 310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.—(1)
    • Article 311: 311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in
    • Article 312: 312. All-India services.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in 1[Chapter VI
    • Article 312A: 312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service
    • Article 313: 313. Transitional provisions.—Until other provision is made in this
    • Article 314: 314. [Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services.] .—
  • Chapter II: CHAPTER II.— PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
    • Article 315: 315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.—
    • Article 316: 316. Appointment and term of office of members.—(1) The Chairman
    • Article 317: 317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
    • Article 318: 318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of
    • Article 319: 319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of
    • Article 320: 320. Functions of Public Service Commissions.—(1) It shall be the
    • Article 321: 321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.—An
    • Article 322: 322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions.—The expenses of the
    • Article 323: 323. Reports of Public Service Commissions.—(1) It shall be the duty
• Part XIVA: PART XIVA
  • Article 323A: 323A. Administrative tribunals.—(1) Parliament may, by law, provide
  • Article 323B: 323B. Tribunals for other matters.—(1) The appropriate Legislature
• Part XV: PART XV
  • Article 324: 324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested
  • Article 325: 325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be
  • Article 326: 326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative
  • Article 327: 327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections
  • Article 328: 328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect
  • Article 329: 329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.—
  • Article 329A: 329A. [Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of
• Part XVI: PART XVI
  • Article 330: 330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
  • Article 330A: 330A. Reservation of seats for women in the House of the People.-
  • Article 331: 331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the House of
  • Article 332: 332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
  • Article 332A: 332A. Reservation of seats for women in the Legislative
  • Article 333: 333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the
  • Article 334: 334. 4[Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after
  • Article 334A: 334A. Reservation of seats for women take effect. — (1)
  • Article 335: 335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services
  • Article 336: 336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain
  • Article 337: 337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the
  • Article 338: 338. 1[National Commission for Scheduled Castes].—2[3[(1) There
  • Article 338A: 338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.—(1) There shall
  • Article 338B: 338B. National Commission for Backward Classes.—(1) There shall
  • Article 339: 339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled
  • Article 340: 340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of
  • Article 341: 341. Scheduled Castes.—(1) The President 4[may with respect to any
  • Article 342: 342. Scheduled Tribes.—(1) The President 4[may with respect to any
  • Article 342A: 342A. Socially and educationally backward classes.—(1) The
• Part XVII: PART XVII
  • Chapter I: CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
    • Article 343: 343. Official language of the Union.—(1) The official language of the
    • Article 344: 344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official
  • Chapter II: CHAPTER II.—REGIONAL LANGUAGES
    • Article 345: 345. Official language or languages of a State.—Subject to the
    • Article 346: 346. Official language for communication between one State and
    • Article 347: 347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the
  • Chapter III: CHAPTER III.—LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT,
    • Article 348: 348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High
    • Article 349: 349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to
  • Chapter IV: CHAPTER IV.—SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
    • Article 350: 350. Language to be used in representations for redress of
    • Article 350A: 350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary
    • Article 350B: 350B. Special Officer for linguistic minorities.—(1) There shall be a
    • Article 351: 351. Directive for development of the Hindi language.—It shall be the
• Part XVIII: PART XVIII
  • Article 352: 352. Proclamation of Emergency.—(1) If the President is satisfied that
  • Article 353: 353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.—While a Proclamation
  • Article 354: 354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues
  • Article 355: 355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression
  • Article 356: 356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in
  • Article 357: 357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under
  • Article 358: 358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.—
  • Article 359: 359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by
  • Article 359A: 359A. [Application of this Part to the State of Punjab.].—Omitted by
  • Article 360: 360. Provisions as to financial emergency.—(1) If the President is
• Part XIX: PART XIX
  • Article 361: 361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs.—(1)
  • Article 361A: 361A. Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and
  • Article 361B: 361B. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political
  • Article 362: 362. [Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States.].—Omitted by the
  • Article 363: 363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain
  • Article 363A: 363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and
  • Article 364: 364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.—(1)
  • Article 365: 365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions
  • Article 366: 366. Definitions.—In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise
  • Article 367: 367. Interpretation.—(1) Unless the context otherwise requires, the
• Part XX: PART XX
  • Article 368: 368. 1[Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and
• Part XXI: PART XXI
  • Article 369: 369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to
  • Article 370: 370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu
  • Article 371: 371. Special provision with respect to the States of ***
  • Article 371A: 371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.—(1)
  • Article 371B: 371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.—
  • Article 371C: 371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.—(1)
  • Article 371D: 371D. Special provisions with respect to 4[the State of Andhra
  • Article 371E: 371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.—
  • Article 371F: 371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.—
  • Article 371G: 371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.—
  • Article 371H: 371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal
  • Article 371-I: 371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.—
  • Article 371J: 371J. Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka.—
  • Article 372: 372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.—(1)
  • Article 372A: 372A. Power of the President to adapt laws.—(1) For the purposes
  • Article 373: 373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under
  • Article 374: 374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings
  • Article 375: 375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject
  • Article 376: 376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.—(1) Notwithstanding
  • Article 377: 377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.—The
  • Article 378: 378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.—(1) The members
  • Article 378A: 378A. Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh
  • Article 379: 379. [Provisions as to provisional Parliament and the Speaker and
  • Article 380: 380. [Provision as to President.].—Omitted by the Constitution (Seventh
  • Article 381: 381. [Council of Ministers of the President.].—Omitted by the
  • Article 382: 382. [Provisions as to provisional Legislatures for States in Part A of the
  • Article 383: 383. [Provision as to Governors of Provinces.].—Omitted by the
  • Article 384: 384. [Council of Ministers of the Governors.].—Omitted by the
  • Article 385: 385. [Provision as to provisional Legislatures in States in Part B of the
  • Article 386: 386. [Council of Ministers for States in Part B of the First Schedule.].—
  • Article 387: 387. [Special provision as to determination of population for the
  • Article 388: 388. [Provisions as to the filling of casual vacancies in the provisional
  • Article 389: 389. [Provision as to Bills pending in the Dominion Legislatures and in
  • Article 390: 390. [Money received or raised or expenditure incurred between the
  • Article 391: 391. [Power of the President to amend the First and Fourth Schedules in
  • Article 392: 392. Power of the President to remove difficulties.—(1) The President
• Part XXII: PART XXII
  • Article 393: 393. Short title.—This Constitution may be called the Constitution of
  • Article 394: 394. Commencement.—This article and articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324,
  • Article 394A: 394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language.—(1) The President
  • Article 395: 395. Repeals.— The Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the
• Schedule 1: FIRST SCHEDULE
• Schedule 2: SECOND SCHEDULE
• Schedule 3: THIRD SCHEDULE
• Schedule 4: FOURTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 5: FIFTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 6: SIXTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 7: SEVENTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 8: EIGHTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 9: NINTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 10: TENTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 11: ELEVENTH SCHEDULE
• Schedule 12: TWELFTH SCHEDULE
• Appendix I: APPENDIX I
• Appendix II: APPENDIX II
• Appendix III: APPENDIX III

Article omission evidence, court-decision source context and appended instruments

• Article 238 Contents Omission Entry: page 17
• Article 124A To C Source Court Decision Footnote: page 89
• Article 124B C Read With Source Note On Page 89: page 90
• Part Vii Shared Omission Note Not Article 238 Body Heading: page 142
• Twelve Main Schedules Inner Units Not Separately Typed: page 284
• Appendix I Separate Amendment Act And Schedules: page 382
• Appendix Ii Separate 2019 Order: page 401
• Appendix Iii Separate Declaration Quoted 370 Not Second Main Article: page 402

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