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The Constitution of India in English 2026: page 37

The Constitution of India in English 2026, India Code delivered snapshot ed1820c0a1100c2c, physical page 37, typed edition 223d395df4de00897c78a4c0a752b32348d86f7c4f7013254fd4e03da46ceca0. Unreviewed extraction.

Source: official India Code PDF · catalog record. Fetched 2026-10-19T23:32:36Z. SHA-256 ed1820c0a1100c2c6aa8ece835a8c8a60f996ae7eba30cc1798233683c66cfba.

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Source cover/preface date: 10th September, 2026. Preface amendment statement: Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023. Embedded PDF title: Constitution of India_ 20 MAY 2026 (final).pdf. These are distinct source labels, not currentness or commencement approval.

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                                        PART III
                              FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
                                         General
        12. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the
State” includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government
and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within
the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.
        13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
rights.—(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the
provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
                                                           e
        (2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the
                                                     od
rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause
shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
                                                aC
        (3) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,—
                                            di
                (a) “law” includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation,
        notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India the force of
                                         In
        law;
                (b) “laws in force” includes laws passed or made by a Legislature
        or other competent authority in the territory of India before the
        commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed,
        notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in
        operation either at all or in particular areas.
        1
          [(4) Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this
Constitution made under article 368.]
                                    Right to Equality
        14. Equality before law.—The State shall not deny to any person
equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of
India.
        15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,
sex or place of birth.—(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen
on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
        (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of
birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or
condition with regard to—


1. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2 (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).

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