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The Constitution of India in English 2026: page 49

The Constitution of India in English 2026, India Code delivered snapshot ed1820c0a1100c2c, physical page 49, typed edition 223d395df4de00897c78a4c0a752b32348d86f7c4f7013254fd4e03da46ceca0. Unreviewed extraction.

Source: official India Code PDF · catalog record. Fetched 2026-10-19T23:32:36Z. SHA-256 ed1820c0a1100c2c6aa8ece835a8c8a60f996ae7eba30cc1798233683c66cfba.

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Source cover/preface date: 10th September, 2026. Preface amendment statement: Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023. Embedded PDF title: Constitution of India_ 20 MAY 2026 (final).pdf. These are distinct source labels, not currentness or commencement approval.

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18                      THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
                          (Part III.—Fundamental Rights)
           (b) the expression “rights”, in relation to an estate, shall include any
       rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-
       holder, 1[raiyat, under-raiyat] or other intermediary and any rights or
       privileges in respect of land revenue.]
       2
        [31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.—Without
prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of
the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the
provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on
the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes
away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and
notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the
contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of
                                                             e
                                                        od
any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force.]
       3
         [31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.—
                                                  aC
Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the
policy of the State towards securing 4[all or any of the principles laid down in
                                              di
Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or
                                          In
takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by 5[article 14 or article 19;]
6
  [and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy
shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect
to such policy]:
       Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the
provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been
reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.]
        7
        31D. [Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.].—Omitted
by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act,1977, s. 2 (w.e.f.13-4-1978).

1. Ins. by the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955, s. 3 (with retrospective effect).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, s. 5 (w.e.f. 18-6-1951).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3 (w.e.f. 20-4-1972).
4. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 4, for “the principles
    specified in clause (b) or clause (c) of article 39” (w.e.f. 3-1-1977). Section 4 has been
    declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and Others Vs Union of India
    and Others, AIR 1980 SC 1789.
5. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 8, for “article 14, article
    19 or article 31” (w.e.f. 20-6-1979).
6. The words in italics struck down by the Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of
    Kerala, AIR 1973, SC 1461.
7. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 5 (w.e.f. 03-01-1977).

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