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BSA Chapter IV: Of Oral Evidence

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Sections 54–55). Each links to its verbatim text.

BSA54 Proof of facts by oral evidence
BSA55 Oral evidence to be direct

Other chapters of the BSA

Chapter I: Preliminary
Chapter II: Relevancy of Facts
Chapter III: Facts Which Need Not Be Proved
Chapter V: Of Documentary Evidence
Chapter VI: Of the Exclusion of Oral Evidence by Documentary Evidence
Chapter VII: Of the Burden of Proof
Chapter VIII: Estoppel
Chapter IX: Of Witnesses
Chapter X: Of Examination of Witnesses
Chapter XI: Of Improper Admission and Rejection of Evidence
Chapter XII: Repeal and Savings

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Informational tool, not legal advice. Text is the official text of each Act; the authoritative copies are on India Code. The BNS, BNSS and BSA apply from 1 July 2024; earlier offences and cases stay under the IPC, CrPC and Evidence Act. Verify anything consequential with a qualified advocate.

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